Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Calorie shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Calorie offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Calorie at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Calorie? Wrong! If the Calorie is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Calorie then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Calorie? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Calorie and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Calorie wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Calorie then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Calorie site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Calorie, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Calorie, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
A
calorie is a unit of measurement for
energy.
Calorie is
French language and derives from the
Latin language calor (heat). In most fields, it has been replaced by the joule, the
SI unit of energy. However, the kilocalorie or Calorie (capital "C") remains in common use for the amount of
food energy. The calorie was first defined by Professor Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a kilogram-calorie and this definition entered French and English dictionaries between 1842 and 1867.
The calorie was never an SI unit. Modern definitions for calorie fall into 3 classes:
- The small calorie or gram calorie approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. This is about 4.184 joules.
- The large calorie or kilogram calorie approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C. This is about 4.184 kilojoule, and exactly 1000 small calories.
- The megacalorie or ton calorie approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 tonne of water by 1 °C. This is about 4.184 megajoule, and exactly 1000 large calories.
In some scientific contexts such as physics and chemistry, the name "calorie" refers strictly to the gram calorie, and this unit has the symbol
cal. SI prefixes are used with this name and symbol, so that the kilogram calorie is known as the "kilocalorie" and has the symbol
kcal.
In the medical sciences and non-scientific contexts the calorie is equal to a kilocalorie in the physics or chemistry sense, and is occasionally referred to as a Calorie (capital "C") in an unsuccessful and rather ineffective—because not adopted by any significant groups of people, and partly because it has no effect when the word appears at the beginning of a list item or of a sentence—attempt to distinguish it, and it has to be inferred from the context that the small calorie is not intended.
The conversion factor among calories and joules is numerically equivalent to the specific heat capacity of liquid
water (in SI units). See "Versions" below for explanation of units.
1 calIT = 4.1868 J (1 J = 0.23885 calIT) (International Steam Table calorie, 1956)
1 calth = 4.184 J (1 J = 0.23901 calth) (Thermochemical calorie)
1 cal15 = 4.18580 J (1 J = 0.23890 cal15) (15°C calorie)
Versions
The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius varies depending on the starting temperature, and is in any case difficult to measure precisely. Accordingly there have been several definitions of the calorie:
- 15 °C calorie (cal15): the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)). Experimental values of this calorie ranged from 4.1852 J to 4.1858 J. The CIPM in 1950 published a mean experimental value of 4.1855 J, noting an uncertainty of 0.0005 J.
- 20 °C calorie: the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 19.5 °C to 20.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)). This is about 4.182 J.
- 4 °C calorie: the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 3.5 °C to 4.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)).
- Mean calorie: 1/100 of the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 0 °C to 100 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)). This is about 4.190 J
- International Steam Table Calorie (1929): (1/860) watt h = (180/43) J exactly. This is approximately 4.1860 J.
- International Steam Table Calorie (1956) (calIT): 1.163 mwatt h = 4.1868 J exactly. This definition was adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1956).
- Thermochemical calorie (calth): 4.184 J exactly.
- IUNS calorie: 4.182 J exactly. This is a definition implied by the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (date and reference needed).
The two perhaps most popular definitions used in older literature are the "15 °C calorie" and the "thermochemical calorie". Since the many different definitions are a source of confusion and error, all calories are now
deprecation in favour of the
SI unit for heat and energy: the joule (J).
Nutrition
In
nutrition, the difference between these calorie definitions is of no practical relevance. This is because nutritional calories are not measured amounts of energy, but are calculated from food composition. Such calculations use internationally agreed conventional conversion factors, which are generously rounded values that roughly approximate the average energy density of a large number of different food samples. The exact composition of agricultural products varies far more than the 0.1% difference between the above definitions of the calorie as a physical energy measure.
Human fat tissue contains about 87%
lipids, so that 1 kg of body-fat tissue has roughly the caloric energy of 870 g of pure fat, or 7800 kcal. In principle one has to create a 7800 kcal deficit or surplus between energy intake and use to lose or gain 1 kg of body-fat. (or 3500 kcal per Pound (mass)). However, if one eats 7800 kcal more than the body needs, one won't necessarily gain 1 kg of fat, since muscle and other tissues may be built. The same way, if one eats 7800 kcal less than their maintenance level, they may not lose 1 kg of fat, since muscle and sugars may be metabolized to generate energy.
See also
References
- European Union regulations on nutrition labeling
- United Kingdom Food Labelling Regulations 1996 – Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling
- United States federal food-labeling regulations 21CFR101.9
- NIST Special Publication 811, Appendix B8: calorie.
- Donatelle, Rebecca J. Health: The Basics. 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. 2005.
- The adoption of joules as units of energy, FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Energy and Protein, 1971.
- Methods used in measuring rate of burn in humans
External links
- USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference - Release 19 Official, publicly available reference database and online search site. Includes 7,293 foods and is free to download and use. This database is the one used by most websites that provide calorie information, and forms the basis of the Canadian national nutrient database and others
- Daily Calorie Calculator
- Online Calorie Converter
A
calorie is a unit of measurement for
energy.
Calorie is French language and derives from the
Latin language calor (heat). In most fields, it has been replaced by the joule, the SI unit of energy. However, the kilocalorie or Calorie (capital "C") remains in common use for the amount of
food energy. The calorie was first defined by Professor
Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a kilogram-calorie and this definition entered French and English dictionaries between 1842 and 1867.
The calorie was never an SI unit. Modern definitions for calorie fall into 3 classes:
- The small calorie or gram calorie approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. This is about 4.184 joules.
- The large calorie or kilogram calorie approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 °C. This is about 4.184 kilojoule, and exactly 1000 small calories.
- The megacalorie or ton calorie approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 tonne of water by 1 °C. This is about 4.184 megajoule, and exactly 1000 large calories.
In some scientific contexts such as physics and chemistry, the name "calorie" refers strictly to the gram calorie, and this unit has the symbol
cal. SI prefixes are used with this name and symbol, so that the kilogram calorie is known as the "kilocalorie" and has the symbol
kcal.
In the medical sciences and non-scientific contexts the calorie is equal to a kilocalorie in the physics or chemistry sense, and is occasionally referred to as a Calorie (capital "C") in an unsuccessful and rather ineffective—because not adopted by any significant groups of people, and partly because it has no effect when the word appears at the beginning of a list item or of a sentence—attempt to distinguish it, and it has to be inferred from the context that the small calorie is not intended.
The conversion factor among calories and joules is numerically equivalent to the
specific heat capacity of liquid
water (in SI units). See "Versions" below for explanation of units.
1 calIT = 4.1868 J (1 J = 0.23885 calIT) (International Steam Table calorie, 1956)
1 calth = 4.184 J (1 J = 0.23901 calth) (Thermochemical calorie)
1 cal15 = 4.18580 J (1 J = 0.23890 cal15) (15°C calorie)
Versions
The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1
gram of water by 1 Celsius varies depending on the starting temperature, and is in any case difficult to measure precisely. Accordingly there have been several definitions of the calorie:
- 15 °C calorie (cal15): the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 14.5 °C to 15.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)). Experimental values of this calorie ranged from 4.1852 J to 4.1858 J. The CIPM in 1950 published a mean experimental value of 4.1855 J, noting an uncertainty of 0.0005 J.
- 20 °C calorie: the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 19.5 °C to 20.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)). This is about 4.182 J.
- 4 °C calorie: the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 3.5 °C to 4.5 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)).
- Mean calorie: 1/100 of the amount of energy required to warm 1 g of air-free water from 0 °C to 100 °C at a constant pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atmosphere (unit)). This is about 4.190 J
- International Steam Table Calorie (1929): (1/860) watt h = (180/43) J exactly. This is approximately 4.1860 J.
- International Steam Table Calorie (1956) (calIT): 1.163 mwatt h = 4.1868 J exactly. This definition was adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1956).
- Thermochemical calorie (calth): 4.184 J exactly.
- IUNS calorie: 4.182 J exactly. This is a definition implied by the Committee on Nomenclature of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (date and reference needed).
The two perhaps most popular definitions used in older literature are the "15 °C calorie" and the "thermochemical calorie". Since the many different definitions are a source of confusion and error, all calories are now
deprecation in favour of the SI unit for heat and energy: the
joule (J).
Nutrition
In
nutrition, the difference between these calorie definitions is of no practical relevance. This is because nutritional calories are not measured amounts of energy, but are calculated from food composition. Such calculations use internationally agreed conventional conversion factors, which are generously rounded values that roughly approximate the average energy density of a large number of different food samples. The exact composition of agricultural products varies far more than the 0.1% difference between the above definitions of the calorie as a physical energy measure.
Human fat tissue contains about 87%
lipids, so that 1 kg of body-fat tissue has roughly the caloric energy of 870 g of pure fat, or 7800 kcal. In principle one has to create a 7800 kcal deficit or surplus between energy intake and use to lose or gain 1 kg of body-fat. (or 3500 kcal per
Pound (mass)). However, if one eats 7800 kcal more than the body needs, one won't necessarily gain 1 kg of fat, since muscle and other tissues may be built. The same way, if one eats 7800 kcal less than their maintenance level, they may not lose 1 kg of fat, since muscle and sugars may be metabolized to generate energy.
See also
References
- European Union regulations on nutrition labeling
- United Kingdom Food Labelling Regulations 1996 – Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling
- United States federal food-labeling regulations 21CFR101.9
- NIST Special Publication 811, Appendix B8: calorie.
- Donatelle, Rebecca J. Health: The Basics. 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. 2005.
- The adoption of joules as units of energy, FAO/WHO Ad Hoc Committee of Experts on Energy and Protein, 1971.
- Methods used in measuring rate of burn in humans
External links
- USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference - Release 19 Official, publicly available reference database and online search site. Includes 7,293 foods and is free to download and use. This database is the one used by most websites that provide calorie information, and forms the basis of the Canadian national nutrient database and others
- Daily Calorie Calculator
- Online Calorie Converter
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